迦太基必須毀滅
迦太基必須毀滅(拉丁語:Ceterum censeo Carthaginem esse delendam 或 Ceterum autem censeo Carthaginem esse delendam[註 1]。中文直譯:還有,我認爲迦太基必須被毀滅。)是一句拉丁語名言,源于在罗马和迦太基之间的第三次布匿战争(公元前149-146年)之前罗马政治家老加图在罗马元老院进行的辩论发言。据说,老加图在所有推动战争的演讲中都以这个短语作为结束语。
语法分析
[编辑]该短语使用了delenda,即动词dēlēre(“to destroy”)的阴性单数动名词形式。[1]动名词(或将来被动分词)delenda是一个动词性形容词,可以翻译为“将被摧毁”。此句中它与动词esse(“to be”)的第三人称单数现在时形式est搭配,表示强迫或必然的含义,即“必须(一定)将被摧毁。[2]动名词delenda在这个结构中起着表语形容词的作用,称为被动迂说法。
该短语的简称Carthago delenda est是一个独立的从句。阴性单数名词迦太基以主格充当主语。Est是动词esse的第三人称单数现在时主动态直陈式形式;其人称(第三人称)和数(单数)由主语名词决定,作为主系表结构中的系动词,将道义情态引入整个从句。[3]因为delenda是一个修饰主语名词Carthago的表语(谓语形容词),所以它与Carthago保持数字(单数)、性(阴性)、格(主格)的一致。[4]
更完整的形式是Ceterum Ceneo delendam esse Carthaginem和Ceterum autem Ceneo delendam esse Carthaginem使用所谓的宾格和不定式结构作为间接陈述。在每一种形式中,动词censeo(“I opine”)建立了间接陈述delendam esse Carthaginem(“即迦太基将被摧毁”)。[5]间接陈述的主体迦太基语处于宾格;动词esse是现在不定式。Delendam是一个谓语形容词,与主语名词Carthaginem有关,因此采用相同的数字(单数);性别(女性);格(宾格)为迦太基语。[6]
背景
[编辑]尽管罗马在前两次布匿战争中取得了胜利,[7]在与北非航海的布匿城邦迦太基(现在的突尼斯)争夺霸主地位时,罗马在这些交战过程中遭受了许多羞辱和破坏性的挫折,特别是在公元前216年的坎尼會戰中。尽管如此,罗马还是在公元前201年成功地赢得了第二次布匿战争。战败后,迦太基不再是罗马的威胁,而是沦为一小块领土,相当于现在的突尼斯东北部。
然而,老加图在公元前152年作为一名元老院使节团的成员访问了迦太基,该使节团是被派去仲裁迦太基和努米底亚国王马西尼萨之间的冲突。老加图是第二次布匿战争的老兵,他对迦太基恢复的财富感到震惊,认为这对罗马是危险的。在此之后,他一直要求无情地摧毁它,并用这句话结束了他在院内的所有演讲,即使讨论话题不在迦太基本身。[8]但元老院不是所有人认同他,尤其是普布利乌斯·科内利乌斯·西皮奥·纳西卡·科库伦,他是大西庇阿的女婿,也是最有影响力的元老之一。纳西卡反对罗马控制范围的过度扩张,并认为对共同敌人的恐惧是控制人民的必要条件。[9]和老加图一样,他在所有演讲的结尾都用了一句话:“迦太基必须被保存”。[10][11][12]
但在迦太基攻击马西尼萨后,老加图最终赢得了这场辩论。马西尼萨给了罗马一个理由,因为公元前201年的和平条约阻止迦太基在未经罗马同意的情况下宣战。[13][14]公元前146年,迦太基被大西庇阿的孙子小西庇阿夷为平地,剩下的全部人口被卖为奴隶。迦太基随后成为罗马的一个行省。另外当时罗马军队向城市撒盐的说法是19世纪才出现的。[15][16][17]
文学史料
[编辑]嬗变
[编辑]參見
[编辑]注释
[编辑]参考书目
[编辑]古代来源
[编辑]- Aurelius Victor, De viris illustribus Romae.
- Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica ("Historical Library").
- Florus, Epitome.
- Gaius Plinius Secundus (Pliny the Elder), Naturalis historia ("Natural History").
- Plutarch, Parallel Lives.
现代来源
[编辑]- F. E. Adcock, "'Delenda est Carthago'", in The Cambridge Historical Journal, Vol. 8, No. 3 (1946), pp. 117–128.
- Alan E. Astin, Cato the Censor, Oxford University Press, 1978.
- John F. Miller & A. F. Woodman (editors), Latin Historiography and Poetry in the Early Empire, Leiden/Boston, Brill, 2010.
- Ellen O'Gorman, "Cato the elder and the destruction of Carthage (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)", in Helios 31 (2004), pp. 96–123.
- Little, Charles E. “The Authenticity and Form of Cato’s Saying ‘Carthago Delenda Est.’” The Classical Journal, vol. 29, no. 6 (1934), pp. 429–35.
- Purcell, Nicholas. On the Sacking of Carthage and Corinth. Innes, Doreen; Hine, Harry; Pelling, Christopher (编). Ethics and Rhetoric: Classical Essays for Donald Russell on his Seventy Fifth Birthday. Oxford: Clarendon. 1995: 133–148. ISBN 978-0-19-814962-0.
- Ridley, Ronald. To Be Taken with a Pinch of Salt: The Destruction of Carthage. Classical Philology. 1986, 81 (2): 140–146. JSTOR 269786. S2CID 161696751. doi:10.1086/366973.
- Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A. Carthage. The New American Cyclopædia: a Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge 4. New York: D. Appleton: 497. 1858–1863 [29 July 2020]. OCLC 1173144180.
- Silvia Thürlemann, "Ceterum censeo Carthaginem esse delendam", Gymnasium 81 (1974), pp. 465–476.
- Ursula Vogel-Weidemann, "Carthago delenda est: Aita and Prophasis", in Acta Classica XXXII (1989), pp. 79–95.
- Gordon, Gregory S. Atrocity Speech Law: Foundation, Fragmentation, Fruition. Oxford University Press. 2017. ISBN 978-0-19-061270-2 (英语).
参考文献
[编辑]- ^ Cassell's Latin Dictionary, ed. Marchant & Charles.
- ^ Betts, Gavin, Teach Yourself Latin, Sevenoaks, 1992, p.125, ISBN 978-0340867037
- ^ To be clear, the semantic import of "Carthage is to be destroyed" is not "Carthage is scheduled for future destruction," but rather that "Carthage must be destroyed." The former is a flaccid recital of a future eventuality; the latter is a normative statement of what needs to happen, of moral desert. That is the deontic modality. See, e.g., Risselada, Rodie. Imperatives and Other Directive Expressions in Latin: A Study in the Pragmatics of a Dead Language. Brill Academic Publishers, 1993. p. 179. Print. (noting that the periphrastic gerundival construction "has a general deontic value.")
- ^ Allen, J. H., Greenough, J. B., et al. Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges, PART FIRST — WORDS AND FORMS, ADJECTIVES. (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Perseus Digital Library. Web. 13 Feb. 2016. (noting that "[adjectives] agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case.")
- ^ Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges, Part Second — Syntax, Indirect Discourse (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Perseus Digital Library; accessed 13 Feb. 2016. (noting that "Verbs . . . of knowing, thinking, telling, and perceiving, govern the Indirect Discourse.")
- ^ Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges, Part First — Words and Forms, Adjectives. (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Perseus Digital Library, accessed 13 Feb. 2016.
- ^ Third Punic War. Encyclopedia Britannica. [2019-10-13]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-02) (英语).
- ^ Astin, Cato, pp. 267–288.
- ^ Diodorus, xxxiv–xxxv. 33.
- ^ Florus, Epitome, i. 31 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
- ^ O'Gorman, "Cato the Elder", p. 111.
- ^ John Jacobs, "From Sallust to Silius Italicus, Metvs Hostilis and the Fall of Rome in the Punica", in Miller & Woodman (eds.), Latin Historiography, p. 123.
- ^ Adcock, "Delenda est Carthago", pp. 125, 126.
- ^ Vogel-Weidemann, "Carthago delenda est", p. 87.
- ^ Ridley 1986,第144–145頁.
- ^ Ripley & Dana 1858–1863,第497頁.
- ^ Purcell 1995,第140頁.