巴基斯坦西北部战争
此條目需要擴充。 (2014年12月27日) |
巴基斯坦西北部战争 شمال مغرب پاکستان میں جنگ | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
反恐戰爭和阿富汗戰爭 (2001年)的一部分 | |||||||
當前的軍事形勢 | |||||||
| |||||||
参战方 | |||||||
巴基斯坦 |
與塔利班結盟的組織 與伊斯蘭國結盟的組織 | ||||||
指挥官与领导者 | |||||||
佩尔韦兹·穆沙拉夫 阿什法克·卡亚尼 阿西夫·阿里·扎爾達里 納瓦茲·謝里夫 馬姆努恩·海珊 阿里夫·艾維 拉希尔·谢里夫 卡馬爾·傑韋德·巴伊瓦 伊姆蘭·汗 Masood Aslam Tariq Khan Rao Qamar Suleman Tahir Rafique Butt Sanaullah Niazi † 比拉·奥玛 † |
努尔·瓦利·马哈苏德 伊斯蘭國 Usman Ghazi † 托希爾·尤爾多什 † Najmiddin Jalolov † Abu Usman Adil † Mirzazhanov Atoyevich (負傷) | ||||||
兵力 | |||||||
巴基斯坦 美國 UAV無人機 中央情報局特別活動中心特工 美國特種作戰部隊[25] |
~25,000 名巴基斯坦塔利班民兵[26] | ||||||
伤亡与损失 | |||||||
巴基斯坦: 美國: 15 名士兵被殺(2010)[34] |
29,398 名武裝分子被殺(根據 SATP)[31][32] 31,000 人被殺(根據沃森國際和公共事務研究所;到 2016 年年中)[33] | ||||||
9,394 名平民和 1,946 名身份不明的人被殺(根據 SATP)[31][32] 超過 344 萬平民流離失所(2009 年)[36] 超過 600 萬平民流離失所(2003-2019 年)[37] |
巴基斯坦西北部战争,亦称瓦济里斯坦战争,是指2004年至今,发生在巴基斯坦瓦济里斯坦地区的武装冲突,涉及巴基斯坦塔利班运动、伊斯兰军、執行先知法典運動、蓋達組織等武裝组织,以及有组织的犯罪[38][39][40]。
冲突始于2004年,源於巴基斯坦陆军在瓦济里斯坦山区(位於联邦直辖部落地区)搜索蓋達组织战士而造成的紧张局势升級為武装抵抗[41]。巴方的行动被认为是对国际反恐战争的贡献[42][43]。2008年至2010年巴基斯坦军方和与阿拉伯武装分子结盟的中亚激进组织间爆发更多冲突[44][45]。外籍武装分子得到西面阿富汗战争的巴基斯坦非军人老兵加入,随后成立了巴基斯坦塔利班运动及伊斯兰军等其他好战组织。1992年成立的执行先知法典运动與巴基斯坦塔利班及伊斯兰军結盟。
2014年6月8日真纳国际机场遭受武裝分子襲擊後,巴基斯坦政府在6月15日發起「利劍行動」,加強剿滅於該國西北部活動的武裝分子[46]。
傷亡及損失
[编辑]巴基斯坦加入美国领导的反恐战争,给本国经济带来深刻影响[47]。根据财政部的统计和数据搜集调查,作为“前线国家”,自2001年以来,经济遭受直接和间接损失达679.3亿美元[48][49]。根据财政部发行的《2010-2011年度巴基斯坦经济调查报告》,“巴基斯坦的产值从未有过如此有毁灭性的社会和经济动荡,甚至是1971年对印度直接宣战[49]”。
巴基斯坦軍方公佈自2014年6月至2015年12月,有3,400名武裝分子在「利劍行動」中被殺,安全部隊則有488人死、1,914人受傷[50]。
注釋
[编辑]参考文献
[编辑]- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Mehsud, Katharine Houreld. Pakistani splinter group rejoins Taliban amid fears of isolation | Reuters. Reuters. 12 March 2015 [3 July 2017]. (原始内容存档于19 August 2017).
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Pakistan Taliban splinter group vows allegiance to Islamic State. Reuters. 18 November 2014 [19 November 2014]. (原始内容存档于19 November 2014).
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Uzbek militants in Afghanistan pledge allegiance to ISIS in beheading video. khaama.com. 31 March 2015 [6 July 2015]. (原始内容存档于13 July 2015).
- ^ Lieven, Anatol. Counter-Insurgency in Pakistan: The Role of Legitimacy. Small Wars & Insurgencies. 2017, 28: 166–190. S2CID 151355749. doi:10.1080/09592318.2016.1266128.
- ^ US senators visit South Waziristan, laud Pakistan army's efforts in dismantling terrorist networks. Daily Pakistan. 3 July 2017 [2021-08-08]. (原始内容存档于2019-01-07).
- ^ US senators visit South Waziristan, praise advances made by military. Dawn News. 3 July 2017 [2021-08-08]. (原始内容存档于2021-08-13).
- ^ US commander commends Zarb-e-Azb for disrupting Haqqani network's ability to target Afghanistan. Express Tribune. 6 November 2014. (原始内容存档于6 November 2014).
- ^ US Drone Kills Afghan-Based Pakistani Taliban Commander. Voice of America (VOA). 4 July 2018 [2021-08-08]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-09).
- ^ Database – KPK from 2005 to present. [24 May 2019]. (原始内容存档于2019-04-17).
- ^ Database – FATA from 2005 to present. [24 May 2019]. (原始内容存档于2019-04-17).
- ^ President signs 'Constitutional Amendment' to merge FATA with KP. nation.com.pk. 31 May 2018 [31 May 2018]. (原始内容存档于31 May 2018).
- ^ ISIS Now Has Military Allies in 11 Countries – NYMag. Daily Intelligencer. [25 November 2014]. (原始内容存档于26 June 2015).
- ^ Decline in terrorism. 2 January 2020 [2021-08-08]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-21).
- ^ Former Pakistani Taliban No 2 arrested in Afghanistan: Reports. (原始内容存档于19 February 2013).
- ^ Taliban leader killed in firefight with police. Express Tribune. 26 August 2010 [26 March 2011]. (原始内容存档于30 October 2010).
- ^ US missile strike 'kills al-Qaeda chief' in Pakistan. BBC News. 28 September 2010 [21 July 2018]. (原始内容存档于23 December 2018).
- ^ Sophia Saifi, Ben Brumfield and Susan Candiotti. Pakistan kills al Qaeda leader on FBI most wanted list. CNN. 6 December 2014 [6 July 2015]. (原始内容存档于26 July 2015).
- ^ Arif Rafiq. What Happened to ISIS's Afghanistan-Pakistan Province?. The Diplomat. [2 February 2016]. (原始内容存档于3 February 2016).
- ^ Released Gitmo detainee joins ISISNov. 19, 2014 – 2:30 – Former Taliban commander named chief of ISIS in Khorasa. fox news. [23 November 2014]. (原始内容存档于28 January 2015).
- ^ Local support for dreaded Islamic State growing in Pakistan: Report. The Times of India. [23 November 2014]. (原始内容存档于17 November 2014).
- ^ IMU announces death of emir, names new leader. The Long War Journal. 4 August 2014 [2 April 2015]. (原始内容存档于4 June 2015).
- ^ Khalid, M Saeed. The on-off partnership. The News International. 10 September 2017 [20 September 2017]. (原始内容存档于19 September 2017).
- ^ Barnes, Julian E. Pentagon chief defends arms sales to India, Pakistan. Los Angeles Times. 23 January 2010 [26 March 2011]. (原始内容存档于26 January 2010).
- ^ Pakistan, Saudi Arabia Cleared for U.S. Arms Buys. Armscontrol.org. 11 September 2001 [17 December 2011]. (原始内容存档于6 April 2012).
- ^ American Dead in Pakistan Bombing Were Special Forces – ABC News. USA: ABC. 3 February 2010 [26 March 2011]. (原始内容存档于25 January 2011).
- ^ Bennett-Jones, Owen. Pakistan army eyes Taliban talks with unease. BBC News. 25 April 2014 [4 July 2014]. (原始内容存档于4 July 2014).
- ^ A Profile of Mangal Bagh (PDF). TheLongWarJournal. [24 December 2012]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于24 January 2013).
- ^ Pak Taliban claims to be using Afghan soil. Rediff News. 26 June 2012 [24 December 2012]. (原始内容存档于24 February 2013).
- ^ Al-Qaeda map: Isis, Boko Haram and other affiliates' strongholds across Africa and Asia. 12 June 2014 [29 August 2014]. (原始内容存档于29 August 2014).
- ^ Terrorist Organizations Reference Guide
- ^ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 Database – KPK from 2005 to present. [24 May 2019]. (原始内容存档于2019-04-17).
- ^ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 Database – FATA from 2005 to present. [24 May 2019]. (原始内容存档于2019-04-17).
- ^ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 Crawford, Neta C. Update on the Human Costs of War for Afghanistan and Pakistan, 2001 to mid-2016 (PDF). Brown University. Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs. [20 September 2017]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于8 September 2017).
The war in Pakistan, which began as Al Qaeda and the Taliban fled from Afghanistan into the northwest region of Pakistan in 2001, has caused almost 62,000 deaths and an additional 67,000 injuries.
- ^ U.S. Fatalities in and around Afghanistan. iCasualties. 9 September 2005 [4 July 2010]. (原始内容存档于6 April 2010).
- ^ Database – Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP). [23 May 2019]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-01).
- ^ Red Cross 'gravely concerned' about conditions in Swat Valley. CNN. 31 May 2009 [26 March 2011]. (原始内容存档于29 October 2013).
Pakistan's Swat Valley, where a month long offensive against the Taliban has displaced more than 2 million civilians.
- ^ In source: "A majority of the more than 70,000-plus civilians killed in this violence were Pashtuns, while more than 6 million members of the ethnic group have endured displacement since the onset of conflict in 2003.". Gandhara. [27 May 2019]. (原始内容存档于2021-08-17).
- ^ Varun Vira and Anthony Cordesman "Pakistan: Violence versus Stability: A Net Assessment." (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Center for Strategic and International Studies, 25 July 2011.
- ^ The War in Pakistan. The Washington Post. 25 January 2006 [19 October 2008]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-30).
- ^ Zaffar Abbas. Pakistan's undeclared war. News.bbc.co.uk. [19 October 2008]. (原始内容存档于2008-09-15).
- ^ "[Pakistan Primer Pt. 1] The Rise of the Pakistani Taliban 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2015-09-29.," Global Bearings, 27 October 2011.
- ^ David Montero. Killing scares media away from Waziristan. Christian Science Monitor. 22 June 2006 [25 August 2008]. (原始内容存档于2009-06-18).
- ^ Pakistan attacks Waziristan compound. Al Jazeera. 16 March 2006 [25 August 2008]. (原始内容存档于2009-06-18).
- ^ U.S. Government. Central Eurasian and Central Asian Terrorism. United States Government National Center for Counter-terrorism. United States Government National Center for Counter-terrorism. [2 July 2013]. (原始内容存档于2013-05-10).
- ^ Thompson, Clifford. Terrorism from Central Asian Republics. Pakistan Strategic Think Tanks. Pakistan Strategic Think Tanks. [2 July 2013]. (原始内容存档于2014-05-14).
- ^ 巴基斯坦“利剑行动”击毙910名恐怖分子. 中新網. 2014-09-03 [2015-12-23]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-09).
- ^ Shaun Waterman. Heavy price: Pakistan says war on terror has cost nearly 50,000 lives there since 9/11. The Washington Times, 2013. 27 March 2013 [16 June 2013]. (原始内容存档于2013-06-01).
- ^ Wahab, Ali. The real cost of Pakistan's war on terror. Express Tribune, Pakistan 2010. 11 July 2010 [16 June 2013]. (原始内容存档于2014-05-14).
- ^ 49.0 49.1 From the Newspapers. War on terror cost Pakistan $67.9 billion. Dawn News, Economic Survey. 20 June 2011 [16 June 2013]. (原始内容存档于2013年5月24日).
- ^ 巴基斯坦军方称清剿行动已击毙3400名武装分子. 中新網. 2015-12-13 [2015-12-23]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-25).