草稿:民族旗
民族旗（英語：Ethnic flag）是象徵特定族裔共同體的一種旗幟，通常是經過各自的民族文化或政治運動引進族群社區。民族旗在流散僑民、少數民族和部分多數民族中很常見，尤其是在多元族群國家。
歷史
[编辑]民族旗是於19世紀末期出現的近代概念，與國家政府使用的國旗（state's national flag）概念相同。嚴格來說，民族國家的國旗本身就是一種民族旗幟，其在別國的少數族裔僑胞經常如此使用，特別是在牽涉到領土收復主義的情況下，例如：阿爾巴尼亞國旗被用作為科索沃阿爾巴尼亞人的「阿爾巴尼亞民族旗」。
民族旗被用於領土收復主義，是代表擬議或未被承認國家的「國旗」（national flag）。首批類似的旗幟出現於19世紀末期，例如：巴斯克旗幟（1894年）、世界猶太復國主義組織的「錫安旗」（1898年，50年後成為以色列國旗）。大多數早期出現的民族旗幟，都暗示著與各自民族聲稱擁有的歷史國家或歷史上未被承認國家有關，例如：庫爾德斯坦旗幟起源於亞拉臘共和國（1927年）的旗幟；1932年設計的西班牙裔旗幟，其紫紅色代表西班牙語，是源自古代萊昂王國國旗繪製紫紅色獅子的象徵意義。[1] 或者，「民族旗」可能代表泛民族主義，例如：第一次世界大戰期間，源自阿拉伯起義旗的泛阿拉伯顏色[2]、泛斯拉夫主義（1848年）[3]、泛伊朗主義或泛突厥主義的擬議旗幟。
20世紀後期，使用民族旗象徵多民族國家內的族群概念開始流行，例如：澳大利亞土著旗（1971年）、亞述人旗幟（1971年）[4]、羅姆人之旗（1971年）、柏柏爾旗（1970年代）、薩米旗（1986年）或毛利人旗幟（1990年）。1990年代以來，設計民族或部落旗變得非常流行，尤其是在虛擬網路上使用，而且大多沒有任何官方地位，必須根據實際使用情況來判斷。許多情況下，主權國家的國旗經常被其海外公民視為事實上的民族旗。[5][6]
用途
[编辑]民族旗作為族群共同體的一種象徵符號，無疑會間接地牽涉到相當複雜的國家認同、國族建構、民族自決和政治前途問題。各種不同的因素在環境互動下，可能造成國家、民族與族群的矛盾關係，引起不滿的民族主義情緒或族群衝突。
沒有明確國家的民族
[编辑]近代，這種民族地位的典型例子是猶太人和羅姆人。猶太人於第一次錫安主義代表大會表決通過象徵猶太復國主義的錫安旗，1948年以色列建國後成為其國旗。羅姆人於1971年在倫敦舉行首次世界羅姆人大會，之後開始採用羅姆人之旗。
擁有居住領土，但沒有自己國家或自治實體的民族
[编辑]這些通常是已經失去國家獨立或自治地位，或從未獨立建國的民族，他們使用的旗幟可以分為兩種類型。第一種被國家政府認為是分裂主義的表現，在其居住領土被禁止，例如：歷史上奧匈帝國領土的摩拉維亞和其他斯拉夫旗幟、2003年以前伊拉克和土耳其的庫爾德斯坦旗幟、西班牙佛朗哥政權下的巴斯克旗幟和加泰羅尼亞旗幟、中華人民共和國的東突厥斯坦和雪山獅子旗。
第二種是被民間團體活動使用的旗幟，與名義上的國家相比較，其民族的社會文化活動不被視為對國家主權的威脅，例如：拉脫維亞立窩尼亞人使用的立窩尼亞旗、芬蘭和挪威薩米人使用的薩米旗。
不同於國旗的民用旗幟
[编辑]有些國家的國民（national）使用的國旗，完全不同於國家政體的官方旗（state flag），這些旗幟可以分為兩種類型。第一種是政府刻意區分不同用途的旗幟，例如：所有德國公民都有權使用沒有國徽的聯邦旗，但同樣旗幟加上聯邦政府徽章僅限政府機構使用，這種民用旗幟在旗幟學中被稱為民旗（civil flag）。第二種是出於政治原因，反對當前政權使用的國旗，例如：2006年黑山國旗獨立公投之前所採用的國旗與塞爾維亞國旗極為相似，選擇保留其作為黑山國旗的地位，實際上僅有塞爾維亞族群的支持者，一些塞爾維亞民族政黨和其他民族組織，至今仍然提倡將這面旗幟作為國旗。
更多的例子包括，民族主義者否定當前國家政權的統治合法性，採用與官方旗幟對立的「真正的國旗」，例如：蘇聯加盟共和國前身國家的旗幟，在蘇聯時代被嚴格禁止，但被民族獨立的支持者使用；魏瑪共和國期間，德意志民族主義者將黑-紅-金三色旗視為「佔領旗幟」，並採用對立的黑-白-紅三色旗。現存的這類實例，包括流離海外白俄羅斯人使用的白紅白旗、海外車臣人組織使用的前車臣伊奇克里亞共和國國旗。
提倡俄羅斯民族主義運動的代表組織，經常使用1858年俄羅斯帝國批准黑-黃-白三色的帝國旗，並加上紋章作為俄羅斯民族旗，部分地與白-藍-紅三色的俄羅斯國旗形成對比。
使用其他國家的國旗作為民族旗幟
[编辑]這些民族旗幟可能被合法或不合法使用，取決於其居住領土的最高統治國家，如何看待這種民族政治運動，例如：科索沃阿爾巴尼亞人採用的阿爾巴尼亞國旗、愛沙尼亞和拉脫維亞俄羅斯人採用的俄羅斯國旗、塞族共和國（波黑）塞爾維亞人採用的塞爾維亞國旗、納戈爾諾-卡拉巴赫亞美尼亞人採用的亞美尼亞國旗、塞浦路斯共和國土耳其人採用的土耳其國旗和北塞浦路斯土耳其共和國希臘人採用的希臘國旗。
原住民族的特殊地位
[编辑]有些國家的原住民族有法定地位，他們使用的旗幟具有官方或半官方的意義，例如：1995年澳大利亞通過土著旗與托雷斯海峽島民旗有相同於澳大利亞國旗的憲法地位、玻利維亞通過科利亞蘇尤與紅-黃-綠三色旗並列為雙國旗、紐西蘭毛利人旗幟可以在正式場合懸掛、俄羅斯聯邦為某些少數民族而設的自治共和國旗幟、美洲原住民的部落旗幟（tribal flag）。
旗幟列表
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| 旗幟 | 名稱 | 族群 | 區域 | 語言 | 始於 | 簡述 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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阿爾巴尼亞國旗 | 阿爾巴尼亞人 | 巴爾幹半島 | 阿爾巴尼亞語 | ||
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阿羅馬尼亞旗幟 | 阿羅馬尼亞人 | 巴爾幹半島 | 阿羅馬尼亞語 | 根據阿羅馬尼亞人所居的國家地區，這面旗幟會有些不同。[7] | |
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敘利亞土耳其曼旗幟 | 敘利亞土耳其曼人 | 西亞 | 突厥語 | 敘利亞土耳其曼旗幟是在喬班貝（Çobanbey）舉行敘利亞土耳其曼代表大會上通過的民族旗，藍色象徵著突厥血統、紅色象徵著烈士的鮮血和白色象徵著普世價值。 | |
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聖馬可旗幟 | 威尼斯人 | 南歐 | 威尼斯語 | 1997年 | 威尼斯人首次使用聖馬可飛獅，可以追溯到13世紀後期，熱那亞檔案管理員雅各布·達·瓦拉澤（Jacopo da Varazze）將其作為威尼斯的官方標誌。 |
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蘇格蘭國旗 | 蘇格蘭人 | 歐洲 | 蘇格蘭語、蓋爾語、英語 | 1385年 | 蘇格蘭議會於1385年批准士兵佩戴白色十字作為戰場上的區別標誌時，該旗幟實際上已經成為蘇格蘭國旗。 |
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馬普切旗幟 | 馬普切人 | 南美洲 | Araucanian, 馬普切語 | 1991年 | Original adopted during the Arauco War between the Mapuche and the Spaniards; a simple blue field with a white Guñelve (Mapudungun: Wünelfe) star centered, representing the Morning Star. The modern rendition approved by Aukiñ Wallmapu Ngulam, also known as Council of All Lands, in 1991. It was chosen in a contest of 500 entries, and is called Wenufoye (in Mapudungun "The Heaven's Winter's Bark"); however, instead of the Guñelve star, a Kultrum (Mapuche drum) is centered. |
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Bhagwa Dhwaj | Hindu Nationalism/Hindutva and Marathi | Indian subcontinent | Indo-Aryan, Dravidian | 17th century | Specific design was first used by the Maratha Empire, and currently used by the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. Similar saffron-coloured designs also used by the Sikh Khalsa. |
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Senyera | Catalans | Europe, West | Indo-European, Romance, Catalan | ||
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A bandera Corsa | Corsicans | Europe, West | Indo-European, Romance, Corsican | 1755 | From an older tradition, but with uncertain origins, this banner was officially adopted by the Corsican Republic of Pasquale Paoli. |
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Métis flag | Métis people | America, North | mixed; Michif | 1814 | Received from Alexander Macdonnell of the North West Company in 1814 and used by the Canadian Métis resistance in the Battle of Seven Oaks (1816).[8] |
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Circassian Flag | Circassians | Europe, Caucasus | Northwest Caucasian, Adyghe | 1830; 1992 | Used by Circassians since the 19th century and Adygea since 1992. |
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Flag of Hawaii | Native Hawaiians | Polynesia | Austronesian, Hawaiian | 1845 | Adopted by the Kingdom of Hawaii, and continued to be used by the protectorate, republic, and territory before statehood. The flag was last modified in 1898, and is noteworthy as still being used after the 1893 overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom. |
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Flag of Ireland | Irish | Europe, North | Indo-European, Celtic | 1848 | Thomas Francis Meagher commented in 1848: "The white in the centre signifies a lasting truce between Orange and Green and I trust that beneath its folds the hands of Irish Protestants and Irish Catholics may be clasped in generous and heroic brotherhood." It was confirmed as the National Flag in 1937.[9] |
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Pan-Slavic colours | Slavs | Europe, Eastern | Indo-European, Slavic | 1848 | Adopted by the Prague Slavic Congress, 1848, used as the ethnic flag of Sorbs, Moravians, and other Slavic-speaking minorities. |
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Flag of the Choctaw Nation | Choctaw people | America, North | Muskogean, Western | 1860; 1970s | First flag adopted in 1860 before the United States Civil War, becoming the first Native American Tribe to adopt a flag; the second form was approved by the Tribal Council in the 1970s and altered in the late 1980s to present form. |
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Flag of Tonga | Tongans | Polynesia | Austronesian, Tongan | 1875 | The only ethnically Polynesian nation to never relinquish its sovereignty to any foreign power. The constitution states the flag can never be changed. |
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Flag of Acadia | Acadians | America, North | Indo-European, Romance, French | 1884 | Adopted at the Second Acadian National Convention held in Miscouche, Prince Edward Island, on 15 August 1884. |
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Ikurriña | Basque people | Europe, West | Basque | 1895 | Designed in 1894 for the province of Biscay, adopted in 1895 by "Euzkeldun Batzokija" (predecessor of the Basque Nationalist Party), adopted it as the flag of the Basque Autonomous Region in 1936, prohibited in Francoist Spain 1938–1977, official adoption as the flag of the Basque Country in 1978. |
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Flag of Zion | Jews | Asia, Western | Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Hebrew | 1898 | Introduced as the flag of Zionism at the Second Zionist Congress held in Switzerland in 1898; adopted as the state flag of Israel in 1948. |
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Flag of Tibet | Tibetans | Asia | Tibetic | 1916 | |
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Flag of the Arab Revolt | Arabs | Asia, Western Africa, Northern | Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Arabic | 1917 | Introduced as the flag of the Arab nationalist revolt against the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Hejaz in 1917. It became the basis of a number of flags using the Pan-Arab colors later in the 20th century. |
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Crimean Tatar flag | Crimean Tatars | Europe, Eastern | Turkic, Crimean Tatar | 1917 | Introduced under the Crimean People's Republic (November 1917), now used as ethnic flag.[10] |
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Flag of Armenia | Armenians | Europe, Western Asia | Indo-European | 1918 | The Armenian Supreme Soviet adopted the current flag on 24 August 1990. On 15 June 2006, the Law on the National Flag of Armenia, governing its usage, was passed by the National Assembly of Armenia. |
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Flag of Upper Silesia | Silesians | Europe, Central | Silesian | 1919 | Similar to the former flag of the Province of Upper Silesia. A popular symbol of the Movement for Silesian Autonomy. |
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Pan-African flag | Black People | As it represents
multiple groups of people within the black diaspora, there cannot be one singular country that it stands for. |
— | 1920 | Adopted in 1920 by the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League, now used in black nationalism and Pan-Africanism. |
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Flag of the Swedish-speaking Finns | Finland-Swedes | Europe, Northern | Indo-European, Germanic, Swedish | 1922 | Used by the Swedish People's Party of Finland from 1922, based on a 1917 design.[11] |
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Flag of Livonians | Livonians | Europe, Northern | Finnic, Livonian | 1923 | Used by Livonian Society (Līvõd Īt) in 1923. |
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Flag of the Kurds | Kurds, Kurdish nationalism | Asia, Western | Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Kurdish | 1927 | Used by the Republic of Ararat in 1927, based on earlier designs used in the 1890s revolt. |
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Flag of New Mexico | Neomexicanos | America, North | Indo-European, Romance, Spanish | 1925 | |
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Flag of Oklahoma | Okies | America, North | Indo-European, Germanic, English | 1925 | |
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Flag of the Korean National Association | Koreans | Asia, Eastern | Korean | 1928 | Designed by Yong-man Park. Due to the inherently ethnic nature of Korean nationalism, the South Korean flag is also seen and used as a de facto pan-Korean ethnic flag by many South Koreans.[6][5] |
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Hispanic flag | Hispanidad, La Raza | Americas | Indo-European, Romance, Spanish | 1932 | Winning entry in a contest organized by Juana de Ibarbourou in 1932. |
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Flag of the Romani people | Romani people | Europe | Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Romani | 1933 | Introduced by the General Union of the Roma of Romania in 1933, adopted at the First World Romani Congress in 1971. |
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Flag of East Turkestan | Uyghurs | Asia | Turkic | 1934 | |
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Malay tricolour | Malay people, Malayness | Asia, Southeast | Austronesian, Malay | 1946 | Introduced by the United Malays National Organisation (1946). |
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Fleurdelisé | Québécois people | America, North | Indo-European, Romance, French, Quebec French | 1948 | Adopted by the government of Quebec during the administration of Maurice Duplessis. |
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Druze flag | Druze | Levant, West Asia | Semitic | 1948 | Adopted by the Druze Mental Chiefdom based on "Five Limits Star Druze Star. |
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Flag of the Danube Swabians | Danube Swabian | Europe | Germanic | 1950 | A coat of arms designed in 1950 by Hans Diplich has been adopted by many Danube Swabian cultural organizations.[12] [13] Its blazon is "Parti per fess wavy 1 Or, an eagle displayed couped Sable langued Gules; 2 parti per fess Argent and Vert, a fortress Argent roofed and turreted Gules surmounted with Sun and Crescent waning Or; chief wavy Azure". |
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Flag of Somalia | Somalis | Africa, Horn | Somali | 1954 | Used by the Somali Republic after independence from the UK and Italy, Blue field with the Star of Unity |
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Naga National Flag | Nagas | Asia, South | Sino-Tibetan | 1956 | The flag was first hoisted on 22 March 1956 at Parashen, Rengma Region by proclaiming the Federal Government of Nagaland (FGN).[14] |
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Flag of Occitania | Occitans | Europe, West | Indo-European, Romance, Occitan | 1959 | Inspired by the historic flag of the County of Toulouse, the modern rendition which included the seven-point star was designed by the Occitan Nationalist Party. |
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Flag of the Oglala Sioux Nation | Oglala Lakota | America, North | Siouan, Teton Sioux | 1961 | The circle of eight teepees on the flag represent the nine districts of the reservation: Porcupine, Wakpamni, Medicine Root, Pass Creek, Eagle Nest, White Clay, LaCreek, Wounded Knee, and Pine Ridge. The red field represents the blood shed by the tribe in defense of their lands. |
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Flag of Tsėhéstáno | Notameohmésêhese | America, North | Algic, Plains Algonquian | 1964 | The decorative glyph of the Morning Star, a traditional icon of Cheyenne art, centered on a light blue field, represents the Northern Cheyenne. |
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African American
Heritage Flag |
African-Americans | United States of America. | Germanic | 1967 | The flag was created in 1967 by Melvin Charles and Gleason T. Jackson. [15]The idea to create the flag came about when Charles realized that every other group of people had a flag at parades except Black Americans. He designed the flag alongside Jackson and they would later travel the country to visit various churches, schools, and public events to promote the flag.[16]
The color red represents the blood shed by African Americans for freedom and equality in America. The color black represents pride in the black race. The color gold represents intellect, prosperity, and peace.[15] |
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Flag of Biafra | Igbo people | Africa, West | Niger-Congo, Igbo | 1967 | Flag of the irredentist Republic of Biafra, after 1970 used as ethnic flag.[17] |
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Flag of the Navajo Nation | Navajo people | America, North | Southern Athabaskan | 1968 | The black, white, turquoise, and yellow colors of the four sacred mountains come from the Navajo creation story, while the overall flag recalls sand painting, and a rainbow symbolizing Navajo sovereignty. In 1995 the Navajo flag became the first Native American tribal flag in space when Bernard Harris carried it aboard the space shuttle Discovery. |
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Assyrian flag | Assyrian people (Syriac Christians) | Asia, Western | Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Aramaic | 1971 | A 1968 design adopted by the Assyrian Universal Alliance in 1971. |
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Australian Aboriginal Flag | Aboriginal Australians | Australia | Australian | 1971 | Designed in 1971, given official recognition by the Australian authorities in 1995. |
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Dáayaangwaa Haida Gwaii | Haida people | America, North | Haida | 1974 | Adopted in 1974 by the Council of the Haida Nation. A red field with an eagle and raven headed bird, surrounded by a circlet, charged in the centre, all in traditional Northwest Coast artform. |
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Flag of the Pawnee Nation | Pawnee people | America, North | Caddoan, Pawnee | 1977 | The central symbol, a wolf's head, appears above a crossed tomahawk and peace pipe, and recalls the Tribe's Plains name, while the other images represent peace and war. Below are six white arrowheads for the six wars in which Pawnee have fought in the service of the United States: the Indian Wars, the Spanish-American War, both World Wars, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. |
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Flag of the Cherokee Nation | Cherokee people | America, North | Iroquoian | 1978 | Approved by the Tribal Council in 1978, altered in 1989 (addition of a black star). The seven-pointed stars represent the seven clans of the Cherokees, while the black star represents those lost on the Trail of Tears. |
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Flag of Haudenosaunee | Iroquois | America, North | Iroquoian | 1980s | The flag's design is based on the Hiawatha Belt, a symbol of unity between the five (and later six) tribes for hundreds of years prior to its adaptation for use as a flag. The four squares and one tree each represent one of the original five nations of the Haudenosaunee, and the eastern white pine tree also represents the Tree of Peace within the Onondaga nation, where the five nations united to form the Confederacy. |
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Aramean-Syriac flag | Aramaeans (Syriac Christians) | Asia, Western | Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Aramaic | 1980 | Used by the Bahro Suryoyo journal in 1980. |
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Sami flag | Sami people | Europe, Northern | Finnic, Sami | 1986 | Adopted by the 13th Nordic Sami Conference on 15 August 1986. |
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Flag of Greenland | Greenlandic Inuit | Arctic | Greenlandic | 1989 | The only national flag of a Nordic country or territory without a Nordic Cross. |
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national Māori flag | Māori people | Oceania, New Zealand | Austronesian, Maori | 1990 | Designed in 1990 and made the subject of an activist campaign until its official recognition by New Zealand authorities in 2009. |
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Bosanski Ljiljan | Bosniaks[18] | Europe, South | Serbo-Croatian | 1992 | Formerly the national flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina until 1998.[19] |
| Torres Strait Islander flag | Torres Strait Islanders | Australia | Creole, Torres Strait Island | 1992 | Recognised by the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission in June 1992, granted official status Australia in 1995. | |
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Flag of the West Herzegovina Canton | Bosnian Croats[20] | Europe, South | Serbo-Croatian | 1992 | Formerly the flag of the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia from 1992 to 1996. |
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Flag of Merina people | Merina people | Africa, Madagascar | Austronesian, Malagasy | 1997 | Since 1997.[21] |
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Berber flag | Berbers | Africa, North | Afro-Asiatic, Berber | 1998 | Adopted by the World Amazigh Congress based on 1970s proposals by the Berber Academy. |
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Chaldean Flag | Chaldean Christians | Asia, Western | Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Aramaic | 1999 | Approved by the International Chaldean Association of Professional Visual Artists and various other Chaldean organisations.[22] Designed by Amer Fatuhi. |
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Flag of the Hopi Nation | Hopi people | America, North | Uto-Aztecan | 2002 | [23] |
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Flag of Serbs of Croatia | Serbs of Croatia | Europe | Serbo-Croatian | 2005 (1997 in eastern Croatia) | Adopted by the Serb National Council (2005) and the Joint Council of Municipalities (1997) |
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Flag of Rapa Nui | Rapa Nui people | Polynesia | Austronesian, Rapanui | 2006 | A similar flag was used from the 13th century until 1899 during its period of independence. |
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Tornedalians Flag | Tornedalians | Europe, Northern | Finnic | 2007 | |
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Flag of the Iraqi Turkmen | Iraqi Turkmen/Turkmeneli | Asia | Turkic | 2007 | This flag, with a white star and crescent and two white horizontal stripes on a light blue background, was first adopted as Flag of Iraqi National Turkmen Party in 2007,[25] a constituent political party of the Iraqi Turkmen Front. |
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Andean Wiphala | Aymara people (Indigenous Bolivians) | America, South | Aymaran Quechuan |
2009 | Article 6, section II of the Constitution of Bolivia established the southern Qullasuyu Wiphala as the dual flag of Bolivia.[26][27] |
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Louisiana Creole flag | Louisiana Creoles | United States | 1987 | ||
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Flag of Acadiana | Cajuns | United States | 1974 |
另見
[编辑]參考資料
[编辑]- ^ La bandera olvidada que representa a toda la Hispanidad. ABC Spain. 11 October 2015 [29 June 2019] （西班牙语）. 参数
|newspaper=与模板{{cite web}}不匹配（建议改用{{cite news}}或|website=） (帮助) - ^ Abū Khaldūn Sati' al-Husri, The days of Maysalūn: A Page from the Modern History of the Arabs, Sidney Glauser Trans. (Washington D.C.: Middle East Institute, 1966), 46.
- ^ Gabriella Elgenius. Thomas Hylland Eriksen , 编. Flag, Nation and Symbolism in Europe and America. Richard Jenkins. Routledge. 2007: 27 [30 November 2015]. ISBN 978-1-134-06696-4.
- ^ "The Origins and Description of the Assyrian Flag" by Homer Ashurian, Assyrian Universal Alliance, 03-1999 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期17 February 2009.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Myers, Brian Reynolds. North Korea's state-loyalty advantage.. Free Online Library. 2011 [29 May 2018]. （原始内容存档于20 May 2018）.
Judging from the yin-yang flag's universal popularity in South Korea, even among those who deny the legitimacy of the Republic of Korea, it evidently evokes the [Korean race] race first and the [South Korean] state second.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Myers, Brian Reynolds. North Korea's Unification Drive. Sthele Press. 20 December 2017 [9 January 2018].
When the average [South Korean] man sees the [South Korean] flag, he feels fraternity with [ethnic] Koreans around the world.
- ^ Ene, Maria Camelia. Paftaua, tipuri de decorații și simboluri. Accesorii din patrimoniul Muzeului Municipiului București (PDF) 30. Bucharest: Bucharest Municipality Museum: 123–149. 2016 （罗马尼亚语）.
- ^ Symbols and Traditions. Métis Nation of Ontario. [2015-01-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-01-09）.
- ^ The National Flag. www.gov.ie/. 1 November 2018.
- ^ Jaume Olle', Crimea: The Tatars (Ukraine), Flags of the World — (10 July 2000). "adopted November 1917, abolished January 1918" (Jaumé Olle, Historical Flags, 1998).
- ^ Svenska Brevmärken 1922. Svenska Centralarkivet. [April 5, 2010]. （原始内容存档于August 13, 2007） （瑞典语）.
- ^ Danube Swabian Association of Philadelphia and Vicinity. [2022-02-14].
- ^ The Danube Swabian Foundation of the U.S.A., Inc.. [2022-02-14].
- ^ Hoist 'original' Naga National flag on August 14, NNC/FGN to NSF. The Morung Express. 6 August 2019 [19 August 2022].
- ^ 15.0 15.1 Flag, The Black American Heritage. The Black American Heritage Flag. The Black American Heritage Flag. [2022-06-26] （美国英语）.
- ^ Charles, Melvin. The Rallying Point. BookBaby. 2021-12-13. ISBN 978-1-6678-1023-2 （英语）.
- ^ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 762. ISBN 0-313-32384-4.
- ^ Bosnia's 'Foreign' Flag Still Draws Mixed Feelings. www.balkaninsight.com. 6 December 2017.
- ^ Obad, Kemal. Geopolitical importance of Bosnia-Herzegovina in global relations. Daily Sabah. Turkey. 23 November 2015 [12 January 2019].
- ^ Mario Jareb: Hrvatski nacionalni simboli, Alfa, Hrvatski institut za povijest, Zagreb, 2010.
- ^ Merina local flag (Madagascar). Flags of the World (2015-05-20). Retrieved on 2017-10-17.
- ^ Chaldean Flag ... from A to Z. [2016-10-03].
- ^ Donald T. Healy, Peter J. Orenski, Native American Flags University of Oklahoma Press (2003), 92–94.
- ^ The Coptic Flag, Meanings and Colors by The Free Copts. [2016-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2007-01-14）.
- ^ Strakes, Jason E. Current Political Complexities of the Iraqi Turkmen. Iran and the Caucasus. 2009, 13 (2): 374 [2022-02-14]. JSTOR 25703815. doi:10.1163/157338410X12625876281505.
- ^ "Bandera indígena boliviana es incluida como símbolo patrio en nueva Constitución", October 21, 2008, United Press International.
- ^ Republic of Bolivia, [Text of the proposed] Nueva Constitución Política del Estado, 2007.
參考書目
[编辑]- Znamierowski, Alfred. The World Encyclopedia of Flags
. London, UK: Hermes House. 2001. ISBN 9781843090427.
外部連結
[编辑]
- 世界旗帜网（FOTW）的Flags of the World