西帕克托納爾

西帕克托納爾（古典納瓦特爾語：Cipactonal）是阿茲特克神話中主管占卜與曆法的神袛。傳說中西帕克托納爾和奧索莫科（英語：Oxomoco）是第一對人類夫婦，在創造與進化方面類似於基督文明中的亞當與夏娃。^[1]^[2] 他們育有一子，名為皮爾特辛特庫特利，後來取了索奇克特薩爾的女兒為妻^[3]^[2]。

描述

根據夸奧蒂特蘭的記載，西帕克托納爾和奧索莫科掌管着曆法^[4]，他們亦出現在以基切語書寫的聖書波波爾·烏中^[5]。尼加拉瓜的一些學者則認為他們的身份正好相反，例如費爾南德斯·德奧維埃多·巴爾德斯曾宣稱西帕克托納爾實為女性，而奧索莫科才是男性，並將其中一人稱為塔馬加斯塔德（Tamagastad，尼加拉瓜傳說中與西帕克托納爾共為創造神）^[2]，伊弗雷姆·喬治·斯奎爾（英語：E. G. Squier）與弗蘭克·E·孔帕拉托則認為他們是巫師^[5]。而在納瓦特爾語所描述的塔莫安錢的四位祭祀中，除奧索莫科為女性外，其餘三位（包括西帕克托納爾）皆性別不明^[6]。根據波旁尼克手抄本的描繪，奧索莫科和西帕克托納爾通常背着煙草或葫蘆^[7]。在另外一些描述中，雙神中的女性常帶着蝴蝶面具，用一根導管播撒玉米和豆子^[8]。佛羅倫薩手抄本中則描繪了奧索莫科給繩子打結時的畫面^[6]。在雅烏特佩克附近仍矗立着奧索莫科和西帕克托納爾的石像^[7]。

參考來源

^ Austin, Alfredo López. The human body and ideology: concepts of the ancient Nahuas. University of Utah Press. 1988: 238 [26 October 2011]. ISBN 978-0-87480-260-3. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-14）.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Austin, Alfredo López. The rabbit on the face of the moon: mythology in the mesoamerican tradition. University of Utah Press. 1996: 102–6 [26 October 2011]. ISBN 978-0-87480-527-7. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-15）.
^ Aztec cosmology. University of Texas. [26 October 2011]. （原始內容存檔於2012-01-11）.
^ New World Archaeological Foundation. Papers of the New World Archaeological Foundation. New World Archaeological Foundation. 1995: 227 [26 October 2011]. （原始內容存檔於2014-06-27）.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Squier, Ephraim George; Comparato, Frank E. Observations on the archaeology and ethnology of Nicaragua. Labyrinthos. 1990: 29 [26 October 2011]. ISBN 978-0-911437-08-9. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-15）.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 Boone, Elizabeth Hill. Cycles of time and meaning in the Mexican books of fate. University of Texas Press. 2007: 24, 25– [26 October 2011]. ISBN 978-0-292-71263-8. （原始內容存檔於2014-06-27）.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Smith, Mary Elizabeth; Boone, Elizabeth Hill. Painted books and indigenous knowledge in Mesoamerica: manuscript studies in honor of Mary Elizabeth Smith. Middle American Research Institute. 2005: 14 [26 October 2011]. ISBN 978-0-939238-99-6. （原始內容存檔於2014-06-27）.
^ Nowotny, Karl Anton; Everett, George A.; Sisson, Edward B. Tlacuilolli: style and contents of the Mexican pictorial manuscripts with a catalog of the Borgia Group. University of Oklahoma Press. 2005: 61 [26 October 2011]. ISBN 978-0-8061-3653-0. （原始內容存檔於2014-06-27）.

[Austin1988-1] Austin, Alfredo López. The human body and ideology: concepts of the ancient Nahuas. University of Utah Press. 1988: 238 [26 October 2011]. ISBN 978-0-87480-260-3. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-14）.

[Austin1996-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Austin, Alfredo López. The rabbit on the face of the moon: mythology in the mesoamerican tradition. University of Utah Press. 1996: 102–6 [26 October 2011]. ISBN 978-0-87480-527-7. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-15）.

[3] Aztec cosmology. University of Texas. [26 October 2011]. （原始內容存檔於2012-01-11）.

[Foundation1995-4] New World Archaeological Foundation. Papers of the New World Archaeological Foundation. New World Archaeological Foundation. 1995: 227 [26 October 2011]. （原始內容存檔於2014-06-27）.

[SquierComparato1990-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Squier, Ephraim George; Comparato, Frank E. Observations on the archaeology and ethnology of Nicaragua. Labyrinthos. 1990: 29 [26 October 2011]. ISBN 978-0-911437-08-9. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-15）.

[Boone2007-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Boone, Elizabeth Hill. Cycles of time and meaning in the Mexican books of fate. University of Texas Press. 2007: 24, 25– [26 October 2011]. ISBN 978-0-292-71263-8. （原始內容存檔於2014-06-27）.

[SmithBoone2005-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Smith, Mary Elizabeth; Boone, Elizabeth Hill. Painted books and indigenous knowledge in Mesoamerica: manuscript studies in honor of Mary Elizabeth Smith. Middle American Research Institute. 2005: 14 [26 October 2011]. ISBN 978-0-939238-99-6. （原始內容存檔於2014-06-27）.

[NowotnyEverett2005-8] Nowotny, Karl Anton; Everett, George A.; Sisson, Edward B. Tlacuilolli: style and contents of the Mexican pictorial manuscripts with a catalog of the Borgia Group. University of Oklahoma Press. 2005: 61 [26 October 2011]. ISBN 978-0-8061-3653-0. （原始內容存檔於2014-06-27）.

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