跳至內容

用戶:暁月凜奈/納粹德國對兒童的綁架行為

維基百科，自由的百科全書
納粹德國對兒童的綁架行為
Letter from 生命之泉 office to Reichsdeutsche（英語：Reichsdeutsche） family of Herr Müller in Germany informing that two perfect boys have been found for them to choose one they like. The boys' names have already been Germanized, 18 December 1943
Foreign children abducted
  • 20,000–200,000名兒童[1][2]
    • 20,000–200,000名來自波蘭[3][2]
    • 20,000名來自蘇聯[3]
    • 10,000名來自西歐及東南歐[3]

在第二次世界大戰期間，大約200,000名[4][5][6][7]波蘭裔兒童及人數不詳的其他族裔兒童被強行運送到納粹德國進行強迫勞動、用於人體實驗或德國化。

這種行動的目標之一是得到具有雅利安人種-北歐人種特徵的兒童並將其「德國化」。納粹德國認為這些兒童是移居至波蘭的德國人後代。那些被認為具有「種族價值」的人在中心被強行日耳曼化，然後被送進德國家庭和黨衛軍家庭學校。[8]

一個名為「被綁架的兒童——被遺忘的受害者」 (德語：Geraubte Kinder – Vergessene Opfer e.V.)的組織代表了相關的受害者在德國進行活動。[9]

背景

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In a well-known speech（英語：Hitler's Obersalzberg Speech） to his military commanders at Obersalzberg on 22 August 1939, Adolf Hitler condoned the killing without pity or mercy of all men, women, and children of Polish race or language.[10]

On 7 November 1939, Hitler decreed that 海因里希·希姆萊, whose German title at that time was Reichskomissar für die Festigung deutschen Volkstums, would be responsible for policy regarding the population of occupied territories. The plan to kidnap Polish children most likely was created in a document titled Rassenpolitisches Amt der NSDAP.[11]

On 25 November 1939, Himmler was sent a 40-page document titled (in English translation) "The issue of the treatment of population in former Polish territories from a racial-political view."[11] The last chapter of the document concerns "racially valuable" Polish children and plans to forcefully acquire them for German plans and purposes:

we should exclude from deportations racially valuable children and raise them in old Reich in proper educational facilities or in German family care. The children must not be older than eight or ten years, because only till this age we can truly change their national identification, that is "final Germanization". A condition for this is complete separation from any Polish relatives. Children will be given German names, their ancestry will be led by special office.[11]

On 15 May 1940, in a document titled (in German) Einige Gedanken ueber die Behandlung der Fremdenvoelker im Osten ("A Few Thoughts about the Treatment of Racial Aliens in the East"), and in another "top-secret memorandum with limited distribution, dated 25 May 1940", titled (in English translation) "The Treatment of Racial Aliens in the East", Himmler defined special directives for the kidnapping of Polish children.[10][12] Himmler "also outlined the administration of incorporated Poland and the 波蘭總督府, where Poles were to be assigned to compulsory labor, and racially selected children were to be abducted and Germanized."[10]

Among Himmler's core points:[11]

  • In the territory of Poland, only four 小學 would remain, in which education would be strictly limited. Children would be taught to count only to 500, to write their own names, and that God commanded Poles to serve Germans. Writing was determined to be unnecessary for the Polish population.
  • Parents who desired better education for their children would have to apply to the 黨衛隊 and police for a special permit. The permit would be awarded to children deemed "racially valuable". Those children would be taken to Germany to be Germanised. Even then, the fate of each child would be determined by the loyalty and obedience to the German state of his or her parents. A child determined to be "of little racial value" would not receive any further education.
  • Annual selection would be made every year among children from six to ten years of age according to German racial standards. Children deemed adequately German would be taken to Germany, given new names and further Germanised.[11] The aim of the plan was to destroy "波蘭人" as an ethnic group, and leave within Poland a considerable slave population to be used up over the next 10 years. Within 15 to 20 years, Poles would be completely eradicated.[13]

On 20 June 1940, Hitler approved Himmler's directives, ordering copies to be sent to chief organs of the SS, to 大區長官s in German-occupied territories in Central Europe, and to the governor of General Government, and commanding that the operation of kidnapping Polish children in order to seek Aryan descendants for Germanisation be a priority in those territories.[14][6][7]

Himmler mused on initiating similar projects in 第二次世界大戰德佔法國軍事管轄區. Hitler's Table Talk（英語：Hitler's Table Talk） records him expressing his belief that "the 法蘭西人 problem" would be best solved by yearly extractions of a number of racially healthy children, chosen from "France's Germanic population". He preferred they be placed in German 寄宿學校s, in order to separate them from their "incidental" French nationality, and to make them aware of their "Germanic blood". Hitler responded that the "religious 小資產階級 tendencies of the French people" would make it almost impossible to "salvage the Germanic elements from the claws of the 統治階級 of that country".[15] 馬丁·鮑曼 believed it to be an ingenious policy, noting it in the document record as a [sic] "sinister theory!".[15]

Conditions of transfer

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參見：Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany和Ethnic cleansing of Zamojszczyzna by Nazi Germany
Kidnapping of Polish children during the Nazi-German resettlement operation in 扎莫希奇 county.

The conditions of transfer were very harsh, as the children did not receive food or water for many days. Many children died as a result of suffocation in the summer and cold in the winter.[16] Polish railway workers, often risking their lives, tried to feed the imprisoned children or to give them warm clothes. Sometimes the German guards could be bribed with jewelry or gold to allow the supplies to go through, and in other cases they sold some of the children to Poles.[16] In 比得哥什 and 格丁尼亞, Poles bought children for 40 Reichsmarks. In some places the German price for a Polish child was 25 zlotys.[17]

The children were kidnapped by force, often after their parents had been murdered in concentration camps or shot as "partisans", including a handful of the children of 利迪策.[18] These children would not be permitted to remain even with other living relatives.[19] Some were purportedly from German soldiers and foreign mothers, and others were declared "German orphans" who had been raised by non-German families.[20] Indeed, orphanages and children's homes, along with children living with 寄養s, were among the first groups targeted, in the belief that Poles deliberately and systemically Polonized ethnically German children.[21]

Later the children were sent to special centres and institutions or to, as Germans called them, "children education camps" (Kindererziehungslager), which, in reality, were selection camps where their "racial values" were tested, their original metrics of birth destroyed, and their Polish names changed to German names, as part of Germanisation. Those children who were classified as "of little value" were sent to 奧斯威辛集中營 or to 特雷布林卡滅絕營.[17]

Selection

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Kinder-KZ inside 羅茲猶太區 map signed with number 15; where Polish children were selected.
參見：Kinder KZ和Untermensch

The children were placed in special temporary camps of the health department, or 生命之泉 e.V., called in German Kindererziehungslager ("children's education camps"). Afterwards they went through special "quality selection" or "racial selection" – a detailed racial examination, combined with psychological tests and medical exams made by experts from 黨衛隊人種與移居部 or doctors from Gesundheitsamt (health department). A child's "racial value" would determine to which of 11 racial types it was assigned, including 62 points assessing body proportions, eye colour, hair colour, and the shape of the skull.

During this testing process, children were divided into three groups (in English translation):

  1. "desired population growth" (erwünschter Bevölkerungszuwachs);
  2. "acceptable population growth" (tragbarer Bevölkerungszuwachs); and
  3. "undesired population growth" (unerwünschter Bevölkerungszuwachs).[22]

The failures that could result in a child, otherwise fitting all racial criteria, into the second group included such traits as "round-headed" referring to the skull shape（英語：Cephalic index）. Children could be declared the third group for 結核病, "degenerate" skull shape, or for "Gypsy characteristics".[23] A girl who was later identified by a small birthmark would have been rejected had the birthmark been much larger.[24]

These racial exams determined the fate of children: whether they would be killed, or sent to concentration camps, or experience other consequences. For example, after forcibly taking a child away from his or her parents, "medical exams" could be performed in secret and in disguise.[25]

Many Nazis were astounded at the number of Polish children found to exhibit "Nordic" traits, but assumed that all such children were genuinely German children, who had been 波蘭化; 漢斯·法郎克 summoned up such views when he declared, "When we see a blue-eyed child we are surprised that he is speaking Polish."[17] Among those children thought to be genuinely German were children whose parents had been executed for resisting Germanization.[26]

German documentation

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Once selected, the children between six and twelve were sent to special homes. Their names were altered to similar-sounding German ones.[27] They were compelled to learn German and beaten if they persisted in speaking Polish.[28] They were informed their parents were dead even if they were not.[26] Children who would not learn German or remembered their Polish origin were sent back to youth camps in Poland.[29] In some cases, the efforts were so successful that the children lived and died believing themselves to be Germans.[17]

The authorities were reluctant to let the children be officially adopted, as the proceedings might reveal their Polish origin. Indeed, some children were maltreated when their adoptive parents learned that they were Polish.[26] Adoption was also problematic because surveillance or more information might reveal problems with the child. When it was learned that Rosalie K's mother was epileptic, for instance, it was immediately concluded, despite the wishes of her German foster parents, that Germanization, education and adoption were therefore not justifiable. When adoptive parents demanded adoption certificates, such records were forged for them.[30]

German medical experiments

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Those children who did not pass harsh Nazi exams and criteria and who were therefore selected during the operation, were sent as test subjects for 納粹人體實驗 in special centres. Children sent there ranged from eight months to 18 years. Two such centres were located in German-occupied Poland. One of them, Medizinische Kinderheilanstalt, was in 盧布利涅茨 in 上西里西亞 – in this centre children were also subject to forced "安樂死"; while the second was located in 切申. Children were given 精神藥物 drugs, chemicals and other substances for medical tests, although it was generally known that the true purpose of those procedures was their mass extermination.[31]

Murder of Zamość children in Auschwitz

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Czesława Kwoka（英語：Czesława Kwoka）, one of many Polish children murdered at Auschwitz by the Nazis

At 奧斯威辛集中營 200 to 300 Polish children from the 扎莫希奇 area were murdered by the Nazis by 苯酚 injections. The child was placed on a stool, occasionally blindfolded with a piece of a towel. The person performing the execution then placed one of his hands on the back of the child's neck and another behind the shoulder blade. As the child's chest was thrust out a long needle was used to inject a toxic dose of phenol into the chest. The children usually died in minutes. A witness described the process as deadly efficient: "As a rule not even a moan would be heard. And they did not wait until the doomed person really died. During his agony, he was taken from both sides under the armpits and thrown into a pile of corpses in another room… And the next victim took his place on the stool."[32]

To trick the soon-to-be murdered children into obedience Germans promised them that they would work at a brickyard. However another group of children, young boys by the age of 8 to 12, managed to warn their fellow child inmates by calling for help when they were being killed by the Nazis: "Mamo! Mamo!" ('Mom! Mom!'), the dying screams of the youngsters, were heard by several inmates and made an indelible haunting impression on them.'"[32]

Post-war repatriation efforts

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The extent of the program became clear to Allied forces over the course of months, as they found groups of "Germanized" children and became aware that many more were in the German population. Locating these children turned up their stories of forcible instruction in the German language and how the failures were killed.[33] Teams were constituted to search for the children, a particularly important point when dealing with institutions, where a single investigator could only interview a few children before all the rest were coached to provide false information. Many children had to be lured into speaking the truth; as for instance complimenting their German and asking how long they had spoken it, and only when told that a nine-year-old had spoken German for four years, pointing out that they must have spoken before then, whereupon the child could be brought to admit to having spoken Polish.[34] Some children suffered emotional trauma when they were removed from their adoptive German parents, often the only parents they remembered, and returned to their biological parents, when they no longer remembered Polish, only German. The older children generally remembered Poland; ones as young as ten had forgotten much, but could often be reminded by such things as Polish nursery rhymes; the youngest had no memories that could be recalled.[24]

Allied forces made efforts to repatriate them. However, many children, particularly Polish and Yugoslavian who were among the first taken, declared on being found that they were German. Russian and Ukrainian children, while not gotten to this stage, still had been taught to hate their native countries and did not want to return.[35] While many foster parents voluntarily brought forth well-cared-for children, other children proved to be abused or used for labour, and still others went to great efforts to hide the children.[36]

After the war, The United States of America v. Ulrich Greifelt（英語：Ulrich Greifelt）, et al., or the RuSHA Trial（英語：RuSHA Trial）, the eighth of the twelve 紐倫堡審判, dealt with the kidnapping of children by the Nazis.[37] Many children testified, although many of their parents were afraid to let them return to Germany.[38] From 1947 to 1948, the 紐倫堡審判 ruled that the abductions, exterminations, and Germanization constituted 種族滅絕.[39]

Only 10 to 15 percent of those abducted returned to their homes.[40] When Allied effort to identify such children ceased, 13,517 inquiries were still open, and it was clear that German authorities would not be returning them.[41]

Heuaktion

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主條目：Heuaktion

In a plan called "Heuaktion（英語：Heuaktion）", described in a "top secret" memorandum submitted to German Interior Minister（英語：Interior Minister） 海因里希·希姆萊 on 10 June 1944, 黨衛隊–親衛隊上級集團領袖 戈特洛布·貝格爾 – Chief of the Political Directing Staff (head of the SS main leadership office in Berlin), a co-author of Himmler's pamphlet Der 次等人類, and a promoter of the pamphlet Mit Schwert und Wiege (With Sword and Cradle) for the recruitment of non-Germans – proposed that the German 第9軍團 (德意志國防軍) "evacuate" 40,000–50,000 children between 10 and 14 from the "territory of 中央集團軍" to work for the Third Reich.[42]

Heuaktion was not widely implemented, due in part perhaps to the following arguments against it: "The Minister [Himmler] feared that the action would have most unfavourable political consequences, that it would be regarded as abduction of children, and that the juveniles did not represent a real asset to the enemy's military strength anyhow.... The Minister would like to see the action confined to the 15–17 year olds."[42] Between March and October 1944, however, 28,000 children between the ages of 10 and 18 were deported from Belarus for work in the German arms industry.[43][44]

統計

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據波蘭官方估計，1940年至1945年間，大約有20萬波蘭兒童被納粹綁架。[14][6][7] William Rubinstein（英語：William Rubinstein）引用了這一數字。[2]

據Dirk Moses（英語：A. Dirk Moses）估計，波蘭有20,000名兒童被綁架，蘇聯有20,000名，西歐和東南歐有10,000名。[3][1][45]

Tadeusz Piotrowski（英語：Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)） 在他的著作《波蘭的大屠殺》中指出約有200,000 名波蘭兒童被綁架，其中只有15%到20%在戰後被父母或波蘭政府收回。[46]

Tara Zahra（英語：Tara Zahra）認為，the number of children taken from their parents includes 40,000 to 50,000 children taken as part of Heuaktion for forced labour from Belarus, 28,000 Soviet youth "under the age of eighteen" taken for labour by the Luftwaffe, "tens of thousands" of Polish, Czech, Slovenian and Silesian children taken during evacuations after which they ended up in orphanages and Hitler Youth camps, unspecified number of children taken by force from women working as forced labour in Germany, and 20,000–50,000 "deliberately kidnapped" in Eastern Europe.[1] Additional non-German-speaking children were evacuated（英語：German evacuation from Central and Eastern Europe） along with German civilians, while tens of thousands of foreign children were recruited as 第二次世界大戰期間德國統治下的強迫勞動 or born to female forced labourers in Germany. Confusion between 德意志裔人 and non-German children was another factor that led to inflated estimates.[1] The modern association "Stolen children. Forgotten victims" representing victims of this operation presented the following estimates as of 2018:

  • Poland: 50,000–200,000 kidnapped children
  • Heuaktion in Poland, Ukraine and Belarus: 40,000–50,000 kidnapped children
  • Bohemia and Moravia: 1,000 kidnapped children
  • Slovenia: 1,100 kidnapped children[47]

Post-war estimates on kidnapped children vary depending on criteria used; Isabell Heinemann in the documentary "Kinderraub der Nazis. Die vergessenen Opfer" stated that her research team identified 20,000 Polish children kidnapped who passed the Germanization criteria and were integrated into the Lebensborn program. While Polish estimates, for example, include children taken under different conditions, such as those taken away forcefully from women working as forced labour in Germany.[48] Precise numbers are difficult to ascertain and depend on classification of kidnapping and if one counts children born to parents used as forced labour.[49]

Memorials

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After the war, a memorial plate was made in 盧布林 dedicated to railway workers who tried to save Polish children from German captivity.[50]

紀念

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2017 年，德國廣播公司德國之聲和來自Interia.pl（英語：Interia.pl）的波蘭記者開展了一項紀念項目，記錄被綁架兒童的歷史和命運。記者訪問了多個機構、檔案館和基金會，以及仍健在的受害者。許多倖存的受害者接受了採訪，介紹他們試圖追溯自己的身世，要求賠償或陳述自己的故事。該系列總共製作了40多篇文章和23部視頻紀錄片，最終出版了一本書和一部由德國國家廣播公司ARD推出的電影紀錄片。[51][52][53]

Notes

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Zahra, Tara. The Lost Children. Harvard University Press. 2011: 11. ISBN 978-0674048249 （英語）. in addition 20,000–50,000 East European children had been deliberately kidnapped for Germanization during the war 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Genocide: A History. William D. Rubinstein. Pearson Longman, 2004, p. 184
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 A. Dirk Moses. Genocide and Settler Society: Frontier Violence and Stolen Indigenous Children in Australian History. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books. 2004: 247 [2008-09-16]. ISBN 978-1571814104.  Limited preview.  Google圖書.
  4. ^ Rethinking Poles and Jews: Troubled Past, Brighter Future, Robert D. Cherry, Annamaria Orla-Bukowska.Rowman & Littlefield, 2007 p. 100 [缺少ISBN]
  5. ^ Nowa Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN (Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2004), 2: 613. ISBN 8301141816.
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Czesław Madajczyk. Generalna Gubernia w planach hitlerowskich. Studia. Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. 1961: 49 （波蘭語）. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Roman Z. Hrabar. Hitlerowski rabunek dzieci polskich: Uprowadzanie i germanizowanie dzieci polskich w latach 1939–1945. Śląski Instytut Naukowy w Katowicach, Katowice: Wydawnictwo Śląsk. 1960: 93 （波蘭語）. 
  8. ^ A. Dirk Moses. Genocide and Settler Society: Frontier Violence and Stolen Indigenous Children in Australian History. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books. 2004: 255 [2008-09-16]. ISBN 978-1571814104. 
  9. ^ [1] Forgotten victims: Polish children abducted during World War II still seeking truth. Monika Sieradzka. 2017. 德國之聲
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Sybil Milton. Non-Jewish Children in the Camps. Multimedia Learning Center Online (Annual 5, Chapter 2). The 西蒙·維森塔爾中心. 1997 [2008-09-25]. （原始內容存檔於2010-12-15）. 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Roman Zbigniew Hrabar. Hitlerowski rabunek dzieci polskich: Uprowadzanie i germanizowanie dzieci polskich w latach 1939–1945. Śląski Instytut Naukowy w Katowicach, Katowice: Wydawnictwo Śląsk. 1960: 28 （波蘭語）. 
  12. ^ Roman Zbigniew Hrabar. Hitlerowski rabunek dzieci polskich: Uprowadzanie i germanizowanie dzieci polskich w latach 1939–1945. Śląski Instytut Naukowy w Katowicach, Katowice: Wydawnictwo Śląsk. 1960: 29. 
  13. ^ Bullivant, Keith; Giles, Geoffrey J; Pape, Walter. Germany and Eastern Europe: Cultural Identities and Cultural Differences. Rodopi: 32. 1999. 
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 Nowa Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN (Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2004), 2: 613. ISBN 8301141816.
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 Hitler, Adolf; 格哈特·溫伯格 (2007). Hitler's table talk, 1941–1944: his private conversations, p. 303. Enigma Books.
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 Richard C. Lukas, Forgotten Holocaust p. 22, ISBN 0781805287.
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Lukas, Richard C. 2, 3. Germanization. Did the Children Cry? Hitler's War against Jewish and Polish Children, 1939–1945 (New York: Hippocrene Books（英語：Hippocrene Books）). 2001 [September 15, 2008]. 
  18. ^ 林恩·H·尼古拉斯, Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web pp. 253–254 ISBN 067977663X
  19. ^ Richard C. Lukas, Forgotten Holocaust p. 27, ISBN 0781805287.
  20. ^ A. Dirk Moses. Genocide and Settler Society: Frontier Violence and Stolen Indigenous Children in Australian History. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books. 2004: 248 [2008-09-16]. ISBN 978-1571814104.  Limited preview. Google圖書.
  21. ^ Lynn H. Nicholas, Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web pp. 244–245 ISBN 067977663X
  22. ^ Roman Z. Hrabar. Hitlerowski rabunek dzieci polskich: Uprowadzanie i germanizowanie dzieci polskich w latach 1939–1945. Śląski Instytut Naukowy w Katowicach, Katowice: Wydawnictwo Śląsk, 1960. : 43. 
  23. ^ Lynn H. Nicholas, Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web pp. 250–251 ISBN 067977663X
  24. ^ 24.0 24.1 基塔·瑟倫利, "Stolen Children", rpt. in Jewish Virtual Library（英語：Jewish Virtual Library） (American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise). Accessed September 15, 2008. (Reprinted by permission of the author from Talk [November 1999].)
  25. ^ Roman Z. Hrabar. Hitlerowski rabunek dzieci polskich: Uprowadzanie i germanizowanie dzieci polskich w latach 1939–1945. Śląski Instytut Naukowy w Katowicach, Katowice: Wydawnictwo Śląsk, 1960. : 44. 
  26. ^ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Janusz Gumkowski and Kazimierz Leszczyński. Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe. Poland Under Nazi Occupation (Warsaw: Polonia Publishing House). 1961: 7–33, 164–178 [2008-09-22]. （原始內容存檔於2012-05-27）. 
  27. ^ Lynn H. Nicholas, Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web p. 249 ISBN 067977663X
  28. ^ Melissa Eddy. Stolen: The Story of a Polish Child 'Germanized' by the Nazis. StarNewsOnline (Wilmington, North Carolina) (美聯社). 2007-05-08 [2008-09-16]. （原始內容存檔於2007-12-13）. If they met racial guidelines, they were taken; one girl got back home. 
  29. ^ Lynn H. Nicholas, Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web p. 250 ISBN 067977663X
  30. ^ Lynn H. Nicholas, Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web pp. 251–252 ISBN 067977663X
  31. ^ Kamila Uzarczyk. Podstawy ideologiczne higieny ras. Toruń: Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek. 2002: 285–289. ISBN 8373222871. 
  32. ^ 32.0 32.1 Lukas, Richard C. 4, 1. Germanization. Did the Children Cry? Hitler's War against Jewish and Polish Children, 1939–1945 (New York: Hippocrene Books). 2001 [May 1, 2016]. 
  33. ^ Lynn H. Nicholas, Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web pp. 501–502 ISBN 067977663X
  34. ^ Lynn H. Nicholas, Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web pp. 505–506 ISBN 067977663X
  35. ^ Lynn H. Nicholas, Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web p. 479 ISBN 067977663X
  36. ^ Lynn H. Nicholas, Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web pp. 508–509 ISBN 067977663X
  37. ^ Lynn H. Nicholas, Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web p. 507 ISBN 067977663X
  38. ^ Lynn H. Nicholas, Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web pp. 507–508 ISBN 067977663X
  39. ^ Trial of Ulrich Greifelt and Others, United States Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, 10 October 1947 – 10 March 1948, Part IV. （原始內容存檔於2007-06-11）. [T]he crime of genocide… was taken by the prosecution and the Tribunal as a general concept defining the background of the total range of specific offences committed by the accused, which in themselves constitute crimes against humanity and/or war crimes. 
  40. ^ Piotrowski, Tadeusz. Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. 1998: 22. ISBN 978-0786403714. 
  41. ^ Lynn H. Nicholas, Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web p. 513 ISBN 067977663X
  42. ^ 42.0 42.1 Memorandum: Re: Evacuation of youths from the territory of Army Group "Center" (Heu-Aktion). The Avalon Project: Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression 2 (The Avalon Project（英語：The Avalon Project） (耶魯大學)). 1944-06-12 [2008-09-24]. （原始內容存檔於19 May 2008）. Translation of Document 031-PS: Chief of the Political Directing Staff, personal referee, Berlin, 12 June 1944: TOP SECRET: Copy No. 1 of 2 copies: The Army Group 'Centre' has the intention to apprehend 40–50,000 youths at the ages of 10 to 14 who are in the Army Territories, and to transport them to the Reich. This measure was originally proposed by the 9th Army. These youths cause considerable inconvenience in the Theatre of Operations. To the greater part these youths are without supervision of their parents since men and women in the theatres of operations have been and will be conscripted into labour battalions to be used in the construction of fortifications. Therefore Children's Villages are to be established behind the front, for the younger age groups, and under native supervision. To collect adequate experiences the 9th Army has already established such a Children's Village and has achieved good results also from the political viewpoint. Army Group further emphasizes that these youths must not be allowed! [sic] to fall into the hands of the 布爾什維克s in case of a withdrawal since that would amount to reinforcing the enemy's potential war strength. This measure is to be strongly fortified by propaganda under the slogan: Care of the Reich for White-Ruthenian Children, Protection against Brigandry. The action has already started in the 5 kilometre zone. The Youth Bureau has already had preliminary talks with the Organization Todt and with the Junkers works. It is intended to allot these juveniles primarily to the German trades as apprentices to be used as skilled workers after 2 years' training. This is to be arranged through the Organization Todt which is especially equipped for such a task through its technical and other set-ups. This action is being… greatly welcomed by the German trade since it represents a decisive measure for the alleviation of the shortage of apprentices[.] 
  43. ^ Harald Knoll. Günter Bischof; Stefan Karner; Barbara Stelzl-Marx; Edith Petschnigg , 編. Späte Heimkehr Als Kriegsverbrecher verurteilte österreichische Kriegsgefangene in der Sowjetunion 1944 bis 1953. Kriegsgefangene des Zweiten Weltkrieges: Gefangennahme, Lagerleben, Rückkehr : zehn Jahre Ludwig Boltzmann-Institut für Kriegsfolgen-Forschung (Munich and Wien: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag). 2005: 177. ISBN 3486578189 –透過Google圖書 snippet; no Limited preview available. 
  44. ^ Timm C. Richter. "Herrenmensch" und "Bandit". Deutsche Kriegsführung und Besatzungspolitik als Kontext des sowjetischen Partisanenkrieges (1941–44) 3. Reihe: Zeitgeschichte – Zeitverständnis. 1998: 106. ISBN 3825836800. .
  45. ^ Teaching about the Holocaust: A Resource Book for Educators. Diane Publishing. 2001: 22. ISBN 978-1428926370 （英語）. 
  46. ^ Tadeusz Piotrowski Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947. McFarland & Company, 1997 ISBN 0786403713 p. 22
  47. ^ [2] Dzieci porwane przez III Rzeszę bez prawa do odszkodowań. "Wielka niesprawiedliwość".Monika Sieradzka. 2018.德國之聲
  48. ^ [3] Zrabowane dzieci. W ARD premiera filmu nt. germanizacji polskich dzieci Bartosz Dudek 德國之聲 27.04.2020
  49. ^ Displaced Children in Russia and Eastern Europe, 1915–1953: Ideologies, Identities, Experiences. Nick Baron, p. 197. 2017
  50. ^ Marek J. Szubiak. Dzieciństwo zabrała wojna. Newsroom. Roztocze Online (P. Rogalski & R. Moteka). 2002-12-10 [2008-09-24]. （原始內容存檔於2016-04-23） （波蘭語）. 
  51. ^ [4] Germanizacja polskich dzieci. Film i książka mają przybliżyć Niemcom ich wstrząsające losy. Sabine Paschel. Deutsche Welle. 13.03.20
  52. ^ [5] Forgotten victims: Polish children abducted during World War II still seeking truth.Monika Sieradzka. 2017.Deutsche Welle
  53. ^ [6] Polen: Geraubte Kinder – vergessene Opfer. Deutsche Welle. 2017. Monika Sieradzka

References

[編輯]
  • Hrabar, Roman Z., Zofia Tokarz, and Jacek E. Wilczur. The Fate of Polish Children During the Last War. Trans. Bogdan Buczkowski and Lech Petrowicz. Rada Ochrony Pomników Walki i Męczeństwa. Warsaw: Interpress, 1981. ISBN 978-8322319505.
  • Milton, Sybil. "Non-Jewish Children in the Camps". Museum of Tolerance, Multimedia Learning Center Online. Annual 5, Chapter 2. Copyright © 1997, The 西蒙·維森塔爾中心. Accessed September 25, 2008.
  • Richard C. Lukas, Did the Children Cry? Hitler's War against Jewish and Polish Children, 1939–1945. Hippocrene Books, New York, 2001
  • Nuremberg Trials Project: Overview and Nuremberg Trial Documents Bibliography and Nuremberg Trial Resources – Nuremberg Trials Project: A Digital Document Collection at 哈佛法學院 Library (HLSL). ["Contents of the Collection: The Nuremberg Trials collection fills some 690 boxes, with an average box containing approximately 1500 pages of text (for a total estimated at 1,035,000 pages). The three largest groups of documents are: trial documents (primarily briefs and document books for trial exhibits) for the twelve NMT trials and the IMT trial (280 boxes); trial transcripts for the twelve NMT trials and the IMT trial (154 boxes); and evidence file documents (the photostats, typescripts, and evidence analyses from which the prosecution, and occasionally defendants, drew their exhibits) (200 boxes). ... The HLSL collection also includes documents from the IMT hearings on criminal organizations and miscellaneous papers concerning the trials. Most of the documents are in both English and German (and occasionally other languages). ... In this project only the English language trial documents and trial transcripts will be presented, but the evidence file documents are usually in both English and German."]
  • "The RuSHA Case: D. Kidnapping of Children of Foreign Nationality: 3. Polish Children" (inactive URL). Cf. "The RusSHA Case:，存檔於Archive.is（存檔日期 June 12, 2007） D. Kidnapping of Children of Foreign Nationality: 3. Polish Children" (Internet Archive URL). 993–1028 in Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuernberg [sic] Military Tribunals Under Control Council Law No. 10. © Mazal Library, n.d. NMT04-C001. Nuernberg [sic] Military Tribunal, Vol. IV, pp. vii–viii: "The RuSHA Case". 美國國會圖書館的存檔，存檔日期December 6, 2012，. mazal.org. Accessed September 15, 2008. (Trial documents.) [Note: "The Trials of War Criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals (NMT) differ from the Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal (IMT) in a number of different ways...."]
  • Zbrodnia bez kary… : eksterminacja i cierpienie polskich dzieci pod okupacją niemiecką 1939–1945 (Crime without penalty... : extermination and suffering of Polish children during the German occupation of 1939–1945) editor Kostkiewicz Janina, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 2020, ISBN 978-8395824029

Category:第二次世界大戰中的波蘭 Category:德國－波蘭關係 Category:戰爭中的兒童 Category:反斯拉夫主義 Category:納粹德國戰爭罪行

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