義大利—德國1936年10月23日協定

義大利—德國1936年10月23日協定是法西斯義大利與納粹德國在1936年10月23日於柏林簽訂了一份九點協定^[1]。雙方簽約代表是義大利外交大臣加萊阿佐·齊亞諾和德國外交部長康斯坦丁·馮·諾伊拉特。^[1]同樣是在1936年10月23日，德國和日本在柏林起草了反共產國際協定。^[2]

協定以德意雙語起草，所有段落均有一段德語版，一段意語版。簽約後，雙方未公開協定內容^[2]。雙方討論的最主要問題是西班牙內戰，該問題也是當時德意兩國間唯一存在積極合作的事務^[3]^[4]。德方同意承認義大利對衣索比亞的征服，意方則同意支持德國收復在一戰後失去的殖民地^[5]。意方還接受了1936年7月11日簽訂的德奧七月協定。^[3]

參考文獻

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Reinhard Stumpf, "From the Berlin–Rome Axis to the Military Agreement of the Tripartite Pact: The Sequence of Treaties from 1936 to 1942", in Germany and the Second World War, Vol. VI: The Global War – Widening of the Conflict into a World War and the Shift of the Initiative 1941–1943 (Clarendon Press, 2001), pp. 144–160, at 146.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Documents on German Foreign Policy 1918–1945, Series C (1933–1937), The Third Reich: First Phase, Volume V (March 5–October 31, 1936) (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1966), pp. 1136–1140, s.v. no. 624 ("German-Italian Protocol").
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Christian Goeschel, Mussolini and Hitler: The Forging of the Fascist Alliance (Yale University Press, 2018), pp. 69–70.
^ Frederick R. Zuber, Italy, Austria and the Anschluss: Italian Involvement in Austrian Political and Diplomatic Affairs, 1928–1938 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, MA thesis (Rice University, 1973), pp. 79–81.
^ G. Bruce Strang, In Dubious Battle: Mussolini's Mentalité and Italian Foreign Policy, 1936–1939 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, PhD diss. (McMaster University, 2000), p. 74.

[Stumpf-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Reinhard Stumpf, "From the Berlin–Rome Axis to the Military Agreement of the Tripartite Pact: The Sequence of Treaties from 1936 to 1942", in Germany and the Second World War, Vol. VI: The Global War – Widening of the Conflict into a World War and the Shift of the Initiative 1941–1943 (Clarendon Press, 2001), pp. 144–160, at 146.

[no624-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Documents on German Foreign Policy 1918–1945, Series C (1933–1937), The Third Reich: First Phase, Volume V (March 5–October 31, 1936) (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1966), pp. 1136–1140, s.v. no. 624 ("German-Italian Protocol").

[Goeschel-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Christian Goeschel, Mussolini and Hitler: The Forging of the Fascist Alliance (Yale University Press, 2018), pp. 69–70.

[Zuber-4] Frederick R. Zuber, Italy, Austria and the Anschluss: Italian Involvement in Austrian Political and Diplomatic Affairs, 1928–1938 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, MA thesis (Rice University, 1973), pp. 79–81.

[Strang-5] G. Bruce Strang, In Dubious Battle: Mussolini's Mentalité and Italian Foreign Policy, 1936–1939 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, PhD diss. (McMaster University, 2000), p. 74.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]